{"id":8079,"date":"2025-09-27T21:05:59","date_gmt":"2025-09-27T21:05:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/polikistikover.net\/yeni\/?page_id=8079"},"modified":"2025-11-21T02:56:35","modified_gmt":"2025-11-21T02:56:35","slug":"beyin-hipotalamus-hipofiz-ve-polikistik-over-sendromu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/polikistikover.net\/yeni\/beyin-hipotalamus-hipofiz-ve-polikistik-over-sendromu\/","title":{"rendered":"Beyin (Hipotalamus, Hipofiz) ve Polikistik Over Sendromu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1-<\/mark><\/strong> Beyinde hipotalamus b\u00f6lgesinde GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) salg\u0131layan sinir h\u00fccreleri (neurons) bulunmaktad\u0131r(1,2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2-<\/mark><\/strong> GnRH hormonunun belirli aral\u0131klarla art\u0131\u015flar ve azal\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6sterek (pulsatile) salg\u0131lanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak hipofiz bezinde LH ve FSH hormonlar\u0131n \u00fcretim s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (frequency) ve miktarlar\u0131 (amplitude) belirlenmektedir(3,4,5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3-<\/mark><\/strong> Polikistik over sendromu olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda GnRH hormonu salg\u0131layan jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcn (dinamo) beyinde fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na (hyperactive) ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak GnRH hormonunun belirli aral\u0131klarla (pulsatile) salg\u0131lanma s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4-<\/mark><\/strong>Bunun sonucunda polikistik over sendromu olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda hipofiz bezinde LH hormonunun \u00fcretim s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (frequency), miktar\u0131 (amplitude) ve kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda bulunan (basal) miktar\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r(3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erkeklik hormonlar\u0131n\u0131n yumurtal\u0131kta yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan LH (luteinizing hormon) miktar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 erkeklik hormonlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmakla (hiperandrogenism) birlikte yumurtlama \u00f6ncesi olgun folik\u00fcl (dominant) geli\u015fimini ve yumurtlamay\u0131 (ovulasyon) da engellemektedir(5,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22).<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5- <\/mark><\/strong>Polikistik over sendromu olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda GnRH hormonu salg\u0131layan jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcn (dinamo) fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na (hyperactive) neden olan beyinde daha \u00fcst seviyelerde bulunan sinir h\u00fccreleri (neurons) vard\u0131r(23,24,25,26,27,28,29).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6-<\/mark><\/strong> Bu sinir h\u00fccrelerinden GABA ve Kisspeptin (neurotransmitters) salg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. Kisspeptin salg\u0131layan sinir h\u00fccrelerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131ndan Neurokinin B (NKB) ve Dynorphin (neurotransmitters) de salg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r(29,30,31,32,33,34,35).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu maddeler (neurotransmitters) polikistik over sendromu olan kad\u0131nlarda hipofiz bezinde \u00fcretilen\u00a0LH hormonu miktar\u0131 ile birlikte salg\u0131lanma zaman\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (frequency) da artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r(23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,36,37,38,39,40).<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

1-<\/mark><\/strong> Polikistik over sendromu olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda erkeklik hormonlar\u0131n\u0131n (testosteron, dihidrotestosteron) fazla miktarda\u00a0\u00fcretilmesi\u00a0(hyperandrogenism) ve ins\u00fclin direncine ba\u011fl\u0131 ins\u00fclin miktar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 (hyperinsulinemia) beyinde\u00a0GnRH hormonu salg\u0131layan jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcn (dinamo) fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na (hyperactive) neden olmaktad\u0131r(24,26,41,42).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2-<\/mark><\/strong> Erkeklik hormonlar\u0131 (testosteron, dihidrotestosteron) ve ins\u00fclin bunu GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) salg\u0131layan sinir h\u00fccrelerinden (neurons) daha \u00fcst seviyelerdeki sinir h\u00fccrelerinde \u00fcretilen\u00a0GABA ve Kisspeptin (neurotransmitters) salg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyerek yapmaktad\u0131r(3,26,41,42).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1-Pituitary stalk portal blood collection in rhesus monkeys: evidence for pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Carmel PW, Araki S, Ferin M. Endocrinology. 1976 Jul;99(1):243-8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2-Frequency and amplitude of gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation and gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey. Wildt L, H\u00e4usler A, Marshall G, Hutchison JS, Plant TM, Belchetz PE, Knobil E. Endocrinology. 1981  Aug;109(2):376-85.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3-GnRH pulse frequency-dependent differential regulation of LH and FSH gene expression. Thompson IR, Kaiser UB. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014 Mar 25;385(1-2):28-35.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4-The frequency of gonadotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation differentially regulates gonadotropin subunit messenger ribonucleic acid expression. Dalkin AC, Haisenleder DJ, Ortolano GA, Ellis TR, Marshall JC. Endocrinology. 1989 Aug;125(2):917-24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5-The origins and sequelae of abnormal neuroendocrine function in polycystic ovary syndrome. Blank SK, McCartney CR, Marshall JC. Hum Reprod Update. 2006 Jul-Aug;12(4):351-61.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6-Circulating luteinizing hormone pulse frequency in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Kazer RR, Kessel B, Yen SS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987 Aug;65(2):233-6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7-Opioidergic regulation of LH pulsatility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Berga SL, Yen SS. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1989 Feb;30(2):177-84.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8-Inappropriate secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in polycystic ovarian disease. Yen SS, Vela P, Rankin J. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1970 Apr;30(4):435-42.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9-Determinants of abnormal gonadotropin secretion in clinically defined women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Taylor AE, McCourt B, Martin KA, Anderson EJ, Adams JM, Schoenfeld D, Hall JE. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jul;82(7):2248-56.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10-Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovarian disease: indirect evidence for partial gonadotroph desensitization. Waldstreicher J, Santoro NF, Hall JE, Filicori M, Crowley WF Jr. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Jan;66(1):165-72.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11-Genome-wide association of polycystic ovary syndrome implicates alterations in gonadotropin secretion in European ancestry populations. Hayes MG, Urbanek M, Ehrmann DA, Armstrong LL, Lee JY, Sisk R, Karaderi T, Barber TM, McCarthy MI, Franks S,Lindgren CM, Welt CK, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Panidis D, Goodarzi MO, Azziz R, Zhang Y, James RG, Olivier M,Kissebah AH; Reproductive Medicine Network, Stener-Victorin E, Legro RS, Dunaif A. Nat Commun. 2015 Aug 18;6:7502.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12-Metabolic regulation of androgen production by human thecal cells in vitro. Nahum R, Thong KJ, Hillier SG. Hum Reprod. 1995 Jan;10(1):75-81.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13-Estradiol production by granulosa cells of normal and polycystic ovaries: relationship to menstrual cycle history and concentrations of gonadotropins and sex steroids in follicular fluid. Mason HD, Willis DS, Beard RW, Winston RM, Margara R, Franks S. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Nov;79(5):1355-60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14-Premature response to luteinizing hormone of granulosa cells from anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relevance to mechanism of anovulation. Willis DS, Watson H, Mason HD, Galea R, Brincat M, Franks S. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Nov;83(11):3984-91.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15-Etiology of anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Franks S, Mason H, White D, Willis D. Steroids. 1998 May-Jun;63(5-6):306-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16-Follicle dynamics and anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Franks S, Stark J, Hardy K. Hum Reprod Update. 2008 Jul-Aug;14(4):367-78.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17-Increased protein expression of LHCG receptor and 17\u03b1-hydroxylase\/17-20-lyase in human polycystic ovaries. Comim FV, Teerds K, Hardy K, Franks S. Hum Reprod. 2013 Nov;28(11):3086-92.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18-Developmental programming: rescuing disruptions in preovulatory follicle growth and steroidogenesis from prenatal testosterone disruption. Veiga-Lopez A, Moeller J, Abbott DH, Padmanabhan V. J Ovarian Res. 2016 Jun 29;9(1):39.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19-Thecal cell sensitivity to luteinizing hormone and insulin in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Cadagan D, Khan R, Amer S. Reprod Biol. 2016 Mar;16(1):53-60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20-Current concepts of the roles of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in folliculogenesis. Hillier SG. Hum Reprod. 1994 Feb;9(2):188-91.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21-Cellular aspects of pre-ovulatory folliculogenesis in primate ovaries. Hillier SG, Harlow CR, Shaw HJ, Wickings EJ, Dixson AF, Hodges JK. Hum Reprod. 1988 May;3(4):507-11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22-Intrafollicular paracrine function of ovarian androgen. Hillier SG. J Steroid Biochem. 1987;27(1-3):351-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23-Activation of A-type gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors excites gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. DeFazio RA, Heger S, Ojeda SR, Moenter SM. Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Dec;16(12):2872-91.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24-The neuroendocrine genesis of polycystic ovary syndrome: A role for arcuate nucleus GABA neurons. Moore AM, Campbell RE. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016 Jun;160:106-17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25-Depolarising and hyperpolarising actions of GABA(A) receptor activation on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones: towards an emerging consensus. Herbison AE, Moenter SM. J Neuroendocrinol. 2011 Jul;23(7):557-69.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26-Kisspeptins and reproduction: physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms. Pinilla L, Aguilar E, Dieguez C, Millar RP, Tena-Sempere M. Physiol Rev. 2012 Jul;92(3):1235-316.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27-Kisspeptin signaling in the brain. Oakley AE, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. Endocr Rev. 2009 Oct;30(6):713-43.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28-Neuroendocrine control by kisspeptins: role in metabolic regulation of fertility. Navarro VM, Tena-Sempere M. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 Sep 13;8(1):40-53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29-Minireview: kisspeptin\/neurokinin B\/dynorphin (KNDy) cells of the arcuate nucleus: a central node in the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Lehman MN, Coolen LM, Goodman RL. Endocrinology. 2010 Aug;151(8):3479-89.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30-Hypertrophy and increased kisspeptin gene expression in the hypothalamic infundibular nucleus of postmenopausal women and ovariectomized monkeys. Rometo AM, Krajewski SJ, Voytko ML, Rance NE. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;92(7):2744-50.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31-Neurokinin B Receptor Antagonism in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. George JT, Kakkar R, Marshall J, Scott ML, Finkelman RD, Ho TW, Veldhuis J, Skorupskaite K, Anderson RA, McIntosh S, Webber L. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Nov;101(11):4313-4321.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32-Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of AZD4901 and Simulation to Support Dose Selection for the Phase 2a Study. Xu H, Li J, Webber L, Kakkar R, Chen Y, Al-Huniti N. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Aug;56(8):999-1008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

33-The NK3 Receptor Antagonist ESN364 Interrupts Pulsatile LH Secretion and Moderates Levels of Ovarian Hormones Throughout the Menstrual Cycle. Fraser GL, Hoveyda HR, Clarke IJ, Ramaswamy S, Plant TM, Rose C, Millar RP. Endocrinology. 2015 Nov;156(11):4214-25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

34-Investigating the KNDy Hypothesis in Humans by Coadministration of Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B, and Naltrexone in Men. Narayanaswamy S, Prague JK, Jayasena CN, Papadopoulou DA, Mizamtsidi M, Shah AJ, Bassett P, Comninos AN, Abbara A, Bloom SR, Veldhuis JD, Dhillo WS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Sep;101(9):342.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

35-GnRH dysregulation in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a manifestation of an altered neurotransmitter profile. Chaudhari N, Dawalbhakta M, Nampoothiri L. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018 Apr 11;16(1):37.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36-Elevated prenatal anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone reprograms the fetus and induces polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood. Tata B, Mimouni NEH, Barbotin AL, Malone SA, Loyens A, Pigny P, Dewailly D, Catteau-Jonard S,Sundstr\u00f6m-Poromaa I, Piltonen TT, Dal Bello F, Medana C, Prevot V, Clasadonte J, Giacobini P. Nat Med. 2018 Jun;24(6):834-846.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

37-Polycystic ovary syndrome: evidence for reduced sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone. Pastor CL, Griffin-Korf ML, Aloi JA, Evans WS, Marshall JC. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Feb;83(2):582-90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

38-Progesterone inhibition of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator: evidence for varied effects in hyperandrogenemic adolescent girls. Chhabra S, McCartney CR, Yoo RY, Eagleson CA, Chang RJ, Marshall JC. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 May;90(5):2810-5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

39-Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of GABA, testosterone and estradiol in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Kawwass JF, Sanders KM, Loucks TL, Rohan LC, Berga SL. Hum Reprod. 2017 Jul 1;32(7):1450-1456.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

40-The kisspeptin system of the human hypothalamus: sexual dimorphism and relationship with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and neurokinin B neurons. Hrabovszky E, Ciofi P, Vida B, Horvath MC, Keller E, Caraty A, Bloom SR, Ghatei MA, Dhillo WS, Liposits Z, Kallo I. Eur J Neurosci. 2010 Jun;31(11):1984-98.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

41-Polycystic ovarian syndrome: evidence that flutamide restores sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone.  Eagleson CA, Gingrich MB, Pastor CL, Arora TK, Burt CM, Evans WS, Marshall JC. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Nov;85(11):4047-52.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

42-Ontogeny and reversal of brain circuit abnormalities in a preclinical model of PCOS. Silva MS, Prescott M, Campbell RE. JCI Insight. 2018 Apr 5;3(7).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1- Beyinde hipotalamus b\u00f6lgesinde GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) salg\u0131layan sinir h\u00fccreleri (neurons) bulunmaktad\u0131r(1,2). 2- GnRH hormonunun belirli aral\u0131klarla art\u0131\u015flar ve azal\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6sterek (pulsatile) salg\u0131lanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak hipofiz bezinde LH ve FSH hormonlar\u0131n \u00fcretim s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (frequency) ve miktarlar\u0131 (amplitude) belirlenmektedir(3,4,5). 3- Polikistik over sendromu olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda GnRH hormonu salg\u0131layan jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcn (dinamo) beyinde fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na (hyperactive) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8079","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/polikistikover.net\/yeni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8079","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/polikistikover.net\/yeni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/polikistikover.net\/yeni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/polikistikover.net\/yeni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/polikistikover.net\/yeni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8079"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/polikistikover.net\/yeni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8079\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11305,"href":"https:\/\/polikistikover.net\/yeni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8079\/revisions\/11305"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/polikistikover.net\/yeni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8079"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}